ABOUT THE BOOK
A comprehensive look at the world of leveraged buyouts
The private equity industry has grown dramatically over the past twenty years. Such investing requires a strong technical know-how in order to turn private investments into successful enterprises. That is why Paul Pignataro has created Leveraged Buyouts + Website: A Practical Guide to Investment Banking and Private Equity.

Engaging and informative, this book skillfully shows how to identify a private company, takes you through the analysis behind bringing such an investment to profitability—and further create high returns for the private equity funds. It includes an informative leveraged buyout overview, touching on everything from LBO modeling, accounting, and value creation theory to leveraged buyout concepts and mechanics.

Provides an in-depth analysis of how to identify a private company, bring such an investment to profitability, and create high returns for the private equity funds
Includes an informative LBO model and case study as well as private company valuation
Written by Paul Pignataro, founder and CEO of the New York School of Finance
If you're looking for the best way to hone your skills in this field, look no further than this book.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xi

The Heinz Case Study xii

How This Book Is Structured xiii

Part One Leveraged Buyout Overview 1

Chapter 1 Leveraged Buyout Theory 3

Cash Availability, Interest, and Debt Pay-Down 3

Operation Improvements 4

Multiple Expansion 4

What Makes Good Leveraged Buyout? 4

Exit Opportunities 5

Is Heinz a Leveraged Buyout? 5

Chapter 2 What Is Value? 7

Book Value 7

Market Value 7

Enterprise Value 8

Multiples 12

Three Core Methods of Valuation 14

Chapter 3 Leveraged Buyout Analysis 19

Purchase Price 19

Sources and Uses of Funds 22

IRR Analysis 33

Part Two Leveraged Buyout Full-Scale Model 49

Chapter 4 Assumptions 51

Purchase Price 57

Sources of Funds 63

Uses of Funds 69

Chapter 5 The Income Statement 75

Revenue 76

Cost of Goods Sold 76

Operating Expenses 77

Other Income 78

Depreciation and Amortization 80

Interest 80

Taxes 81

Nonrecurring and Extraordinary Items 82

Distributions 82

Shares 83

Heinz Income Statement 84

Last Twelve Months (LTM) 108

Income Statement—Projections 116

Chapter 6 The Cash Flow Statement 133

Cash Flow from Operating Activities 133

Cash Flow from Investing Activities 137

Cash Flow from Financing Activities 137

Financial Statement Flows Example 138

Heinz Cash Flow Statement 144

Heinz Last Twelve Months (LTM) Cash Flow 154

Cash Flow Statement Projections 160

Chapter 7 The Balance Sheet 179

Assets 179

Liabilities 182

Heinz Balance Sheet 184

Chapter 8 Balance Sheet Adjustments 199

Goodwill 200

Heinz Balance Sheet Adjustments 208

Chapter 9 Depreciation Schedule 221

Straight-Line Depreciation 222

Accelerated Depreciation 222

Deferred Taxes 227

Projecting Depreciation 231

Projecting Amortization 241

Projecting Deferred Taxes 244

Chapter 10 Working Capital 247

Asset 247

Liability 247

Operating Working Capital 248

Heinz’s Operating Working Capital 251

Projecting Operating Working Capital 262

Operating Working Capital and the Cash Flow Statement 271

Chapter 11 Balance Sheet Projections 279

Cash Flow Drives Balance Sheet versus Balance

Sheet Drives Cash Flow 283

Balancing an Unbalanced Balance Sheet 301

Chapter 12 Debt Schedule and Circular References 309

Debt Schedule Structure 309

Modeling the Debt Schedule 310

Circular References 329

Automatic Debt Pay-Downs 337

Basic Switches 339

Finalizing the Model 339

Chapter 13 Leveraged Buyout Returns 351

Exit Value 351

Returns to 3G Capital 355

Multiple Expansion 361

Debt Pay-Down 364

Conclusion 364

Part Three Advanced Leveraged Buyout Techniques 365

Chapter 14 Accelerated Depreciation 367

MACRS 367

Accelerated versus Straight-Line Depreciation 372

Chapter 15 Preferred Securities, Dividends, and Returns to Berkshire Hathaway 377

Preferred Securities 377

Preferred Dividends 378

Returns to Berkshire Hathaway 388

Chapter 16 Debt Covenant Ratios, and Debt Fee Amortization 395

Coverage Ratios 395

Leverage Ratios 397

Debt Fee Capitalization and Amortization 399

Chapter 17 Paid-in-Kind Securities 409

Appendixes

Appendix 1: Model Quick Steps 417

Appendix 2: Financial Statement Flows 419

Income Statement to Cash Flow 419

Cash Flow to Balance Sheet 420

Appendix 3: Excel Hot Keys 421

About the Companion Website 423

About the Author 425

Index 427


ABOUT THE AUTHOR
PAUL PIGNATARO is the founder and CEO of the New York School of Finance (NYSF). He has over thirteen years of experience in investment banking and private equity in business mergers, acquisitions, restructurings, asset divestitures, asset acquisitions, and debt and equity transactions covering the oil, gas, power and utility, Internet and technology, real estate, defense, travel, banking, and service industries. Mr. Pignataro continues to participate on the training team, actively providing training at bulge bracket banks and M&A teams at corporations, and billion-dollar funds. Prior to his entrepreneurial endeavors, Mr. Pignataro worked at TH Lee Putnam Ventures, a $1 billion private equity firm affiliated with buyout giant Thomas H. Lee Partners. Prior to TH Lee, Mr. Pignataro worked in the investment banking department of Morgan Stanley.